2211+War+in+Yugoslavia

=Note: this outline is a work in progress and should be used as an overview & guide to further study only!= =Concepts= =Yugoslav war=
 * Differentiate nation, nationalism and nation-states
 * Ethnic group
 * Enclave
 * Principles of territorial integrity and of self-determination—often conflicting
 * Autonomy versus independence
 * ‘Narcissism of minor differences’
 * ‘Balkanization’
 * Yugoslav means southern slav—distinct from eastern Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians) and western Slavs (Polish, Czechs, Slovaks)
 * Yugoslavia itself is a 20th C phenomenon
 * Break up after collapse of Communism in 1990s led to worst fighting in Europe since 1945—and dreadful massacres—as Serbians tried to prevent secessions
 * Competing explanations (why do we persist in looking for monocausal expl?)
 * Ancient antagonisms resurgent
 * Foreign interference (eg: by recognizing the new breakaway republics)
 * Leadership organizes/cultivates/exacerbates antagonisms for political gain

Ancient history
· In waning years of Roman empire, Germanic tribes raiding Northern frontier, including the Goths of the lower Danube area and the Sarmatians from the north · Huns arrive from far East during 300s and 400s, with Attila regnant prior to collapse in 450s · Visigoths overran northern shores of Adriatic during early 400s on their way to Iberia and Gaul · At end of the Roman empire c500AD, the Northern shores of the Adriatic were under Ostrogoth control, together with the Italian peninsula · Byzantine empire sees itself as successor to Roman empire, with Ostrogoths Kingdom to the east · Slav incursions south from the three Slavic dynasties (Bohemian, Polish, Russian) · In 11th Century the Byzantine emperor Basil “the Bulgar slayer” extended Byzantium to entire Balkan peninsula as of 1025 AD · Great Schism in 1054 · Croatian kingdom won from Byzantium 924 and independent until 1102 when it became a discrete crown within Hungarian monarchy · Battle of Manzikert marked end of Byzantine rule in Anatolia and victory there of Seljuk Turks · 1389 Serbs defeated in Kosovo · Serbia by 1459 under Ottoman control and Bosnia by 1463 · Dalmatia and Hungary in early 1500s (Republic of Venice controlled some coastal areas of the Adriatic) · Across the 1547 frontier was the Austrian Hapsburgs’ empire, stretching from Silesia in the North to Tyrol in the West and Hungary in the East · Ottoman Empire reached its furthest extent in Croatia in early 1600s, with defeat at Vienna in 1683 marking beginning of the end · 1683-1699 Croatia ceded · In 1699 Hungary was restored to the Habsburgs by the Ottomans · Bosnia ceded 1878 · Serbia lost temporarily in 1817, permanently in 1878; by mid 1800s it was essentially ruling itself; Serbian kingdom declared in 1882; Serbs see themselves as the leaders of the Southern Slavs (Yugoslavs) who valiantly resisted (as Christians) Ottoman rule ·

20TH C
1912-1913 Balkan Wars lead to further Ottoman losses in 1913 (Albania, southern Serb areas, southern Bulgarian areas, Macedonia to Greece); Serbia annexes Kosovo · Austrian empire takes much of Adriatic Coast throughout early 1800s; Montenegro independent and Ottomans still have inland areas · WWI saw Austria-Hungary dominant on Northern and mid Adriatic, with neutral Montenegro and Serbia later joining Entente powers · Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919) broke up the Austro-Hungarian empire, granting autonomy to constituent nation, including creation of Yugoslavia as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, & Slovenes · 1929 Yugoslavia under right-wing dictatorship of King Alexander (later assassinated by a member of the Ustashe) · Croatia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria cooperaing with Axis powers; Serbia occupied by Germany in 1941 (Italy annexed Albania 1939) · Ustashe state of Croatia under Hitler played up divisions, deported/killed Jews, Gypsies, tried to convert Serbs · Opposition to Germans, Croats, divided between Tito’s Partisans and monarchists · Some 2M people killed during war—about half fighting Germans, half fighting other Yugoslavs · WWII’s end Yugoslavia under Tito, Communist but independent from USSR with distinctive socialist economic program · Tito died in 1980 · Slobodan Milosevic chaired Communist party, emerged as president of Serbia in 1986

Ethnicity

 * 36% Serb
 * 20% Croat
 * 9% Muslim (Slav)
 * 8% Muslim (Albanian)
 * 8% Slovene
 * 6% Macedonian
 * 13% Other, incl Montenegrin, Turk, Hungarian
 * (Numbers report self identification on 1990 all Yugoslav census)

Religion

 * Roman Catholic (esp Croats, Slovenes in N, E)
 * Orthodox Christian (esp Serbs, Macedonians in S, W)
 * Muslims (converted under Ottoman rule)

The Yugoslav state
· Tito and Communists officially hostile to nationalism, bind state · 1974 new constitution Tito gives greater power to two autonomous regions, including Kosovo in effort to stymie Serb power
 * 6 republics, varying in size from Serbia to Montenegro
 * 2 autonomous provinces, Kosovo (with large Albanian population) and Vojvodina (many Hungarians)
 * Tito died 1980
 * 1986 Slobodan Milosevic president of Serbia
 * 1989 Constitutional changes and maneuvers give Serbian president significantly greater power over the other republics, causing their concern

Breakup of Yugoslavia
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Former_Yugoslavia_2006.png http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia.gif

Slovenia

 * Multiparty elections in Slovenia April 1990
 * Independence declared June 1991
 * Limited opposition from Yugoslavia; army withdrew after several weeks of action
 * January 1992 EU recognizes independence of Slovenia (and Croatia)
 * May 1992 UN recognition

Croatia

 * Multiparty elections May 1990; Tudjman elected president
 * Independence declared June 1991
 * Large Serb minority esp concentrated around Krajina in southern Croatia refused to accept independence
 * Fighting from July 1991 to Jan 1992
 * January 1992 EU recognizes independence of Croatia (and Slovenia)
 * May 1992 UN recognition
 * June 1993 Krajina Serbs vote in unofficial referendum to join Serbs in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia proper in a ‘Greater Serbia’

Bosnia-Herzegovina

 * Multiparty elections Dec 1990
 * Fighting begins April 1992
 * Srebrenica massacre of approx 8K men with UN troops doing nothing
 * Dayton Peace Agreement divides B-H in two, Dec 1995

Serbia

 * May 1989 Milosevic becomes President
 * Constitutional reforms abolish Kosovan autonomy
 * Multiparty elections 1990

Montenegro

 * Referendum passes supporting continued combination with Serbia in 1992
 * Independent 2006

Macedonia

 * Multiparty elections, Dec 1990
 * Independence declared Sep 1991
 * UN acknowledge independence April 1993
 * Greece opposed independence since it might have prompted interference in Greek Macedonia
 * US finally recognizes in 1994

Kosovo

 * Kosovo seen as the heart of Serbia by Serbians; but 90% of people are Kosovan Albanians
 * Kosovo Albanians (muslims, Albanian speaking) say they’re descended from the Illyrians who settled in 1100 BC; Serbs say Albanians came much later, after Serbs
 * War with Serbia ends in 1999 with UN jurisdiction over Kosovo and with EU interest in taking over policing role (this was blocked in 2008 by Russia at the UN)
 * Independence declared 2008

Slovenia, 1991

 * Yugoslavian army invades after Slovenian declaration of independence
 * ‘Ten day war’ with few casualties
 * Peace agreement was favorable to Slovenia

Croatia 1991-1995

 * Yugoslav Federation army intervenes on behalf of Serbian minority of 12%
 * 200K Serbs flee Croatia at end of war

Bosnia March 1992

 * Republika Srpska is the Serbian part of Bosnia
 * Srebrenica massacre July 1995 under Ratko Mladic, Bosnian Serb commander

Bosnian Croats and Muslims over Herzegovina

 * Croats majority in Herzegovina and attempted to ensure political dominance over Muslims

Kosovo 1995

 * June 1999 Nato troops enter Kosovo

Displacement

 * Hundreds of thousands cross borders
 * Refugees flee war
 * With peace agreements and division, population and homes are redistributed

Slovenia

 * EU member

Bosnia

 * Stabilization agreement signed with EU in 2008

Serbia

 * As of 2008 Serbia is essentially alone—with all its formerly associated republics (that were part of Yugoslavia) gone
 * April 29 2008 signs stabilization agreement with EU
 * Elections May 11 2008 produces split parliament with Socialists holding balance
 * Ratko Mladic still at large

Montenegro

 * Voted 55% in favor of independence

Kosovo

 * Independent, recognized by 20 European states & US, not by Russia, Spain, China, etc